RESEARCH UPDATE ON EVIDENCE-BASED AROMATHERAPY
Evidence-Based Aromatherapy: Stress Relief and so much more
The health benefits of aromatherapy can no longer be considered placebo in nature. Accumulating evidence now shows that the fragrance of flowers and other volatile plant compounds pack a punch as powerful as certain drugs.
Nowadays, bouts of stress and anxiety occur at least occasionally during the course of daily life. If the experience is completely alien to you, you may not be paying attention to what's going on in the world around us -- or, you may be enlightened, and should be congratulated.
Certainly, anti-anxiety drugs can be effective, but they are also addictive and dangerous, with withdrawal symptoms that include seizures and, paradoxically, extreme anxiety.
Therefore, natural alternatives are needed now more than ever.
Fortunately, finding a non-pharmaceutical solution is no longer a matter of guessing, or relying solely on the anecdotal accounts of others.
There is an accumulating body of pre-clinical and clinical research available today demonstrating the power, safety and effectiveness of natural compounds for relieving stress and anxiety.
In fact, some of these substances do not even require being ingested, as they can be inhaled in exceedingly small doses to be effective.
For example, back in 2002, an amazing discovery was reported in the Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. Researchers found that the simple inhalation of patchouli and rose oil reduced sympathetic nervous activity by 40%, with rose oil reducing adrenaline concentrations by 30%.1
Such a profound reduction in fight-or-flight associated hormones is hard to accomplish through other non-toxic means. In fact, many folks use alcohol, tobacco and harder drugs, and even foods that contain opioid peptides, to self-medicate themselves down from the emotional cliff -- but not without a wide range of unintended, adverse health effects.
All the more reason to appreciate the power of therapeutic fragrances.
Many flowers are well-suited to calm the human body and soul, bringing them back into greater balance.
Lavender oil, for instance, has also been studied for the ability to reduce stress,2 anxiety, aggression,3and cortisol levels,4 among two dozen other potential therapeutic properties.5
Aromatherapy, of course, works primarily through the nose, but can also act through the lung and the skin. When inhaled, volatile aroma compounds from plants exert direct-to-brain actions, primarily through the limbic and olfactory systems.
As opposed to the oral ingestion or topical application of a drug or herbal substance, aromatherapy offers a far higher margin of safety because the active compounds are small molecules.
Aromatherapy offers far more than Stress Reduction
Stress and anxiety are only two of 30 potential therapeutic applications that have been studied in connection with aromatherapy.
Others of note include:
Dysmenorrhea (Menstraul Pain): Aromatherapy massage on the abdomen was found superior to Tylenol for alleviating menstrual pain in high school girls.6 Another study, this time in college students, found that the topical application of a combination of lavender, clary sage and rose essential oils was effective in decreasing the severity of menstrual cramps.7
Insomnia: Lavender fragrance has been found effective in a number of studies for treating mild insomnia.8, 9 Beyond sleep-promoting properties, lavender has also been found to simultaneously reduce depression in women college students.10
Excessive Chocolate Cravings: While there are worse addictions, Jasmine essential oil has been found to reduce chocolate cravings.11
Reducing Tobacco Withdrawal: The inhalation of vapor from black pepper extract reduces smoking withdrawal symptoms.12
Arthritis Pain: The essential oils lavender, marjoram, eucalyptus, rosemary, and peppermint blended in proportions of 2:1:2:1:1, resulted in decreased pain and depression scores in arthritic patients.13
Infantile Colic: aromatherapy massage using lavender oil was found to be effective in reducing colic symptoms of.14
Alzheimer's Disease: 28 days of aromatherapy with rosemary and lemon essential oils in the morning, and lavender and orange in the evening, resulted in significant improvement in personal orientation related to cognitive function in Alzheimer's patients.15
Migraines: Inhalation of lavender essential oil appears to be an effective and safe treatment in acute migraine headaches.16
Postpartum Depression: Aromatherapy-massage has been shown to have value for postpartum mothers in improving physical and mental status and to facilitate mother-infant interaction.17
View the Evidence: Aroma Therapeutic Actions
Lavender and rose oil aromatherapy has been determined to have anti-anxiety activity.
Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Rev Neurosci. 2010;21(2):141-52. PMID: 20614803
Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2010
Study Type : Meta Analysis
Additional Links
Substances : Lavender : CK(330) : AC(38), Rose : CK(96) : AC(24)
Diseases : Anxiety Disorders : CK(828) : AC(98), Generalized Anxiety Disorder : CK(58) : AC(8)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47)
Pharmacological Actions : Anxiolytic : CK(340) : AC(49)
Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2005 Feb ;35(1):186-94. PMID: 15778570 Article Published Date : Jan 31, 2005
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Eucalyptus : CK(67) : AC(22), Marjoram : CK(21) : AC(7), Rosemary : CK(174) : AC(62)
Diseases : Depression : CK(884) : AC(94), Rheumatoid Arthritis : CK(454) : AC(69)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47)
Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Complement Ther Med. 2000 Mar ;8(1):2-7. PMID: 10812753 Article Published Date : Mar 01, 2000
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Lavender : CK(330) : AC(38)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47), Hot Water Bath : CK(10) : AC(1)
Additional Keywords : Phytotherapy : CK(746) : AC(116), Plant Extracts : CK(4455) : AC(1395)
A mixture of essential oils by inhalation was used with a group of 3-4 year old children to prevent acute respiratory diseases and alleviate the symptoms of rhiniti s. The essential oil blend was found effective with no side effects noted. Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Vestn Otorinolaringol. 2011(5):51-4. PMID: 22334926 Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2010. Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Essential Oils: Unspecified : CK(37) : AC(6)
Diseases : Allergic Rhinitis : CK(340) : AC(40), Rhinitis : CK(20) : AC(1)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47)
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Bacterial Agents : CK(1013) : AC(321)
Additional Keywords : Essential Oils : CK(11) : AC(2), Pediatric : CK(40) : AC(3), Plant Extracts : CK(4455) : AC(1395)
Ambient odor of orange in a dental office reduces anxiety and improves mood in female patients.
Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Physiol Behav. 2000 Oct 1-15;71(1-2):83-6. PMID: 11134689 Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Orange : CK(126) : AC(28)
Diseases : Anxiety Disorders : CK(828) : AC(98), Mood Disorders : CK(123) : AC(13)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47)
Ambient odors of orange and lavender reduce anxiety and improve mood in a dental office.
Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Physiol Behav. 2005 Sep 15;86(1-2):92-5. PMID: 16095639 Article Published Date : Sep 15, 2005
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Lavender : CK(330) : AC(38), Orange : CK(126) : AC(28)
Diseases : Anxiety Disorders : CK(828) : AC(98), Mood Disorders : CK(123) : AC(13)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47)
Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2006 Dec;36(7):1123-34. PMID: 17211115 Article Published Date : Dec 01, 2006
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Bergamot : CK(22) : AC(3), Lavender : CK(330) : AC(38), Ylang-ylang : CK(30) : AC(3)
Diseases : Stress : CK(456) : AC(62)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47)
Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Microbes Infect. 2006 May;8(6):1450-4. Epub 2006 Mar 29. PMID: 18534325 Article Published Date : May 01, 2006
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Ginger : CK(424) : AC(113), Orange: CK(126) : AC(28)
Diseases : Osteoarthritis: Knee : CK(377) : AC(40)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47), Massage/Therapeutic Touch : CK(710) : AC(72)
Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013 ;2013:742421. Epub 2013 Apr 11. PMID: 23662151
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2012
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Essential Oils: Unspecified : CK(37) : AC(6)
Diseases : Dysmenorrhea : CK(325) : AC(35), Menstrual Cramps : CK(30) : AC(3), painful menstruation, Premenstrual syndrome : CK(180) : AC(18)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47), Aromatherapy Massage : CK(70) : AC(7)
Pharmacological Actions : Analgesics : CK(616) : AC(100)
Aromatherapy has a positive effect on dementia in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Psychogeriatrics. 2009 Dec ;9(4):173-9. PMID: 20377818 Article Published Date : Nov 30, 2009
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Lavender: Essential Oil : CK(63) : AC(2), Rosemary: Essential Oil : CK(10) : AC(1)
Diseases : Dementia : CK(275) : AC(37)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47)
Aromatherapy is effective in lowering systolic blood pressure and sympathetic nerve system activity.
Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : J Korean Acad Nurs. 2010 Oct;40(5):705-13. PMID: 21157172 Article Published Date : Oct 01, 2010
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Lavender : CK(330) : AC(38), Lemon Oil : CK(31) : AC(4), Ylang-ylang : CK(30) : AC(3)
Diseases : Hypertension : CK(3254) : AC(285)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47)
Pharmacological Actions : Hypotensive : CK(425) : AC(57)
Aromatherapy massage has immunological benefits.
Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2005 Jun;2(2):179-184. Epub 2005 Apr 27. PMID: 15937558
Article Published Date : Jun 01, 2005
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Immune Disorders: Low Immune Function : CK(485) : AC(116)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47), Massage/Therapeutic Touch : CK(710) : AC(72)
Aromatherapy massage in a hospice setting for reducing insomnia. Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Palliat Med. 2004 Mar;18(2):87-92. PMID: 15046404
Article Published Date : Mar 01, 2004
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Lavender : CK(330) : AC(38)
Diseases : Insomnia : CK(471) : AC(57)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47), Massage/Therapeutic Touch : CK(710) : AC(72)
Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012 ;2012:187163. Epub 2011 Sep 22. PMID: 21949670
Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2012
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Dysmenorrhea : CK(325) : AC(35), Menstrual Cramps : CK(30) : AC(3)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47)
Additional Keywords : Drug: Tylenol : CK(10) : AC(1), Superiority of Natural Substances versus Drugs : CK(1091) : AC(196), Therapeutic Action Superior to Drug Therapy : CK(370) : AC(38)
Aromatherapy massage using lavender oil for infantile colic.
Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Int J Nurs Pract. 2012 Apr ;18(2):164-9. PMID: 22435980 Article Published Date : Apr 01, 2012
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Lavender : CK(330) : AC(38)
Diseases : Colic : CK(74) : AC(12)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47), Aromatherapy Massage : CK(70) : AC(7), Massage/Therapeutic Touch : CK(710) : AC(72)
Aromatherapy with rosemary, lemon and peppermint helps relieve constipation in the elderly. Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2005 Feb;35(1):56-64. PMID: 15778557 Article Published Date : Feb 01, 2005
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Lemon Oil : CK(31) : AC(4), Peppermint : CK(300) : AC(48), Rosemary : CK(174) : AC(62)
Diseases : Constipation : CK(346) : AC(38), Elderly: Age Specific Diseases : CK(442) : AC(38)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47), Aromatherapy Massage : CK(70) : AC(7)
Aromatherapy with topically applied lavender, clary sage and rose is effective in decreasing the severity of menstrual cramps in college students with dysmenorrhea. Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : J Altern Complement Med. 2006 Jul-Aug;12(6):535-41. PMID: 16884344 Article Published Date : Jul 01, 2006
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Clary Sage : CK(10) : AC(2), Lavender : CK(330) : AC(38), Rose : CK(96) : AC(24)
Diseases : Dysmenorrhea : CK(325) : AC(35)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47)
Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : J Midwifery Womens Health. 2006 Mar-Apr; 51(2):e21-7. PMID: 16504900 Article Published Date : Mar 01, 2006
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Postpartum Depression : CK(199) : AC(24)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47), Massage/Therapeutic Touch : CK(710) : AC(72)
Coconut fragrance may alter cardiovascular activity both at rest and in response to stressors. Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Holist Nurs Pract. 2010 Nov-Dec;24(6):322-32. PMID: 21037456 Article Published Date : Oct 31, 2010
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Coconut : CK(125) : AC(36)
Diseases : Stress : CK(456) : AC(62)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47)
Additional Keywords : Phytotherapy : CK(746) : AC(116)
Cortisol levels of mothers and infants decreased when mothers gave infants a bath in lavender-scented water. Click to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Early Hum Dev. 2008 Jun ;84(6):399-401. Epub 2007 Nov 28. PMID: 18053656 Article Published Date : Jun 01, 2008
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Lavender : CK(330) : AC(38)
Diseases : Cortisol: High : CK(531) : AC(61)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47)
Additional Keywords : cortisol
Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : J Altern Complement Med. 2013 Aug ;19(8):709-13. Epub 2013 Mar 28. PMID:23536963
Article Published Date : Jul 31, 2013
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Angelica : CK(67) : AC(25), Black Pepper : CK(89) : AC(37)
Diseases : Smoking Cessation: Nicotine Addiction : CK(121) : AC(17)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47)
Additional Keywords : Natural Substance Synergy : CK(230) : AC(107)
Fragrance inhalation of patchouli and rose oil reduce sympathetic nervous system activity by 40%; rose oil reduces adrenaline concentrations by 30%. Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Jpn J Pharmacol. 2002 Nov;90(3):247-53. PMID: 12499579 Article Published Date : Nov 01, 2002
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Black Pepper : CK(89) : AC(37), Patchouli : CK(15) : AC(6), Rose : CK(96) : AC(24)
Diseases : Adrenaline: Elevated : CK(10) : AC(1), Adrenaline: Low : CK(10) : AC(1),Catecholamines: Elevated : CK(76) : AC(10), Catecholamines: Low : CK(10) : AC(1),Hypertension : CK(3254) : AC(285), Sympathetic Nervous System Diseases : CK(10) : AC(1)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47)
Inhalation of Lavender essential oil used in treatment of migraine headache with significant response. Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Eur Neurol. 2012 ;67(5):288-91. Epub 2012 Apr 17. PMID: 22517298 Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2011
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Lavender : CK(330) : AC(38)
Diseases : Migraine Disorders : CK(496) : AC(59)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47)
Inhalation of vapor from black pepper reduces smoking withdrawal symptoms. Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : Drug Alcohol Depend. 1994 Feb;34(3):225-9. PMID: 8033760 Article Published Date : Feb 01, 1994
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Black Pepper : CK(89) : AC(37)
Diseases : Smoking Cessation : CK(103) : AC(11), Smoking Cessation: Nicotine Addiction : CK(121) : AC(17)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47)
Inhaling essential oils may reduce perceived level of mental fatigue or burnout.
Click here to read the entire abstract
Pubmed Data : J Altern Complement Med. 2012 Nov 9. Epub 2012 Nov 9. PMID: 23140115 Article Published Date : Nov 08, 2012
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Mental Fatigue : CK(30) : AC(3)
Therapeutic Actions : Aromatherapy : CK(471) : AC(47)
Resources
1 Shinichiro Haze, Keiko Sakai, Yoko Gozu . Effects of fragrance inhalation on sympathetic activity in normal adults. Jpn J Pharmacol. 2002 Nov;90(3):247-53. PMID: 12499579
2 Sioh Kim, Hyun-Jae Kim, Jin-Seok Yeo, Sung-Jung Hong, Ji-Min Lee, Younghoon Jeon. The effect of lavender oil on stress, bispectral index values, and needle insertion pain in volunteers. J Altern Complement Med. 2011 Sep ;17(9):823-6. Epub 2011 Aug 19. PMID: 21854199
3 Sun-Young Lee. [The effect of lavender aromatherapy on cognitive function, emotion, and aggressive behavior of elderly with dementia]. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2005 Apr;35(2):303-12. PMID: 15860944
4 Masahiro Toda, Kanehisa Morimoto. Effect of lavender aroma on salivary endocrinological stress markers. Arch Oral Biol. 2008 Oct;53(10):964-8. Epub 2008 Jul 16. PMID: 18635155
5 GreenMedInfo.com, Lavender's Health Benefits
6 Myung-Haeng Hur, Myeong Soo Lee, Ka-Yeon Seong, Mi-Kyoung Lee. Aromatherapy massage on the abdomen for alleviating menstrual pain in high school girls: a preliminary controlled clinical study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012 ;2012:187163. Epub 2011 Sep 22. PMID:21949670
7 Sun-Hee Han, Myung-Haeng Hur, Jane Buckle, Jeeyae Choi, Myeong Soo Lee. Effect of aromatherapy on symptoms of dysmenorrhea in college students: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2006 Jul-Aug;12(6):535-41. PMID: 16884344
8 George T Lewith, Anthony Dean Godfrey, Philip Prescott. A single-blinded, randomized pilot study evaluating the aroma of Lavandula augustifolia as a treatment for mild insomnia. J Altern Complement Med. 2005 Aug;11(4):631-7. PMID: 16131287
9 Li-Wei Chien, Su Li Cheng, Chi Feng Liu . The effect of lavender aromatherapy on autonomic nervous system in midlife women with insomnia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012 ;2012:740813. Epub 2011 Aug 18. PMID: 21869900
10 Inn-Sook Lee, Gyung-Joo Lee. [Effects of lavender aromatherapy on insomnia and depression in women college students]. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 Sep;128(2):380-4. PMID: 16520572
11 Eva Kemps, Marika Tiggemann, Sarah Bettany. Non-food odorants reduce chocolate cravings.Appetite. 2012 Mar 9. Epub 2012 Mar 9. PMID: 22407134
12 J E Rose, F M Behm. Inhalation of vapor from black pepper extract reduces smoking withdrawal symptoms. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1994 Feb;34(3):225-9. PMID: 8033760
13 Myung-Ja Kim, Eun-Sook Nam, Seun-In Paik . [The effects of aromatherapy on pain, depression, and life satisfaction of arthritis patients]. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2005 Feb ;35(1):186-94. PMID: 15778570
14 Bengü Cetinkaya, Zümrüt Başbakkal. The effectiveness of aromatherapy massage using lavender oil as a treatment for infantile colic. Int J Nurs Pract. 2012 Apr ;18(2):164-9. PMID:22435980
15 Daiki Jimbo, Yuki Kimura, Miyako Taniguchi, Masashi Inoue, Katsuya Urakami. Effect of aromatherapy on patients with Alzheimer's disease. Psychogeriatrics. 2009 Dec ;9(4):173-9. PMID: 20377818
16 Payam Sasannejad, Morteza Saeedi, Ali Shoeibi, Ali Gorji, Maryam Abbasi, Mohsen Foroughipour . Lavender essential oil in the treatment of migraine headache: a placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur Neurol. 2012 ;67(5):288-91. Epub 2012 Apr 17. PMID: 22517298
17 Masumi Imura, Hanako Misao, Hiroshi Ushijima. The psychological effects of aromatherapy-massage in healthy postpartum mothers. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2006 Mar-Apr;51(2):e21-7. PMID: 16504900